Reducing Deforestation And The Loss Of Biodiversity

When the UN created Sustainable Development Goals during their meeting in New York City from September 25th-27th, there were many targets that were set in order to improve Terrestrial Processes. This was clearly an important issue that the UN felt the need to spend much time on in order to address properly. Ultimately, several of the targets include certain fragments that are unable to be measured accurately, or are given targets that are too general. However, many targets can still be measured accurately and examples of this include Targets 15.2 and 15.5 that aim to halt deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. This can be measured through extensive documentation of a forest’s area or by analyzing the amount of biodiversity within it. The studies are done usually by both countries, such as Canada, and by wildlife groups such as WWF (Effects of Deforestation, Fitzsimmons) (Deforestation, Bradford). This is exceptionally similar to target 15.3, which aims to restore degraded land and soil from desertification. Countries and the UN itself mostly measure this target. An example would be the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) that determined severe land degradation is affecting 168 countries worldwide (Desertification Crisis, King). Target 15.7 calls for an end to poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna, as well as addressing the supply of illegal wildlife products. In m opinion, both of these can be measured to a certainShow MoreRelatedDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays, deforestation becomes a big environmental issue around the world since forests play critical roles in many aspects for the life of all the living things. (World Wildlife Fund) There are many factors that will result in deforestation such as â€Å"fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change† (World Wildlife Fund). Human activities would be the main cause of deforestation. (Ronca, 2008, p.1) World WildlifeRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesEstrada and Katrina, Brown. â€Å"Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries: Revisiting the Assumptions. Climatic Change, vol. 100, no. 3-4, 2012, pp. 355-388. Springer Nature, doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9773-1. Accessed 25 June 2017. This article discusses the topic of climate change and goes into detail how deforestation is one of the major contributors to climate change. The article goes on to state how deforestation is overlooked when discussingRead Moreâ€Å"Maintaining biodiversity at its present level is impossible if people are going to achieve a reasonable standard of living in the near future†1440 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Maintaining biodiversity at its present level is impossible if people are going to achieve a reasonable standard of living in the near future† - Discuss this with reference to a tropical biome you have studied (40 marks) Biodiversity means the variety of life forms/organisms in an ecosystem, biome or entire planet. Globally, biodiversity is not evenly distributed. It generally increases from the poles towards the equator as around 50% of the world’s plants and animals live in tropical rainforestsRead MoreDeforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Deforestation is the clearing of a forest and/or cutting down of trees for human benefits such as agriculture, wood exports, etc. Deforestation is the cause of numerous environmental impacts such as habitat loss, flooding and soil erosion. It can also cause climate change, by reducing the amount of rainfall and changing the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface and increases the risk of forest . Tree growth is important for biodiversity because they absorb carbon dioxideRead MoreThe Study of Biodiversity939 Words   |  4 PagesBiodiversity – the amount of living things; animals, microorganisms and plants. It also includes the genetic information these living things contain, and the ecosystems and biomes they form. 3 ways biodiversity can be studied: - GENETIC DIVERSITY: The amount of different genetic characteristics of the species in their genetic make up. - SPEICIES DIVERSITY: the amount of species in a particular area in the world. - ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY: the amount of ecosystems in a given region or biome. - PlacesRead MoreDeforestation1213 Words   |  5 PagesCONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION In some cases, deforestation can be beneficial. Given the right mix of social needs, economic opportunities, and environmental conditions, it can be a rational conversion from one type of land use to a more productive one. The tragedy lies in the fact that most lands that have been deforested in recent decades are not suited for long-term farming or ranching and they quickly degrade once the forest has been cut and burnt. Unlike the fertile soils of temperate latitudesRead MoreClimate Change Is Caused By Humans1339 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause the water they were living in because low in oxygen. Forests 1. Deforestation is the cutting down of forests and making the land into cleared land. Deforestation is not something that we have been experiencing for the past 100 years. The Union of Concerned scientists say that deforestation has been happening for thousands of years. Most deforestation occurs now to clear land for agriculture or to harvest wood. Deforestation is an issue because trees help slow down climate change. Trees are ableRead MoreThe Importance Of Biodiversity1641 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity Loss I. Introduction Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms (Cho, 2011). Currently, an extreme loss of biodiversity is a problem that is being caused by human activities. A major report in 2005 stated that due to human actions, between 10% and 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are threatened with extinction, since then, the problem has only increased (Shah, 2014). The topic of biodiversity is of interest and significant to me, and others, because it provides all humansRead MoreRainforests Have Been Declining Rapidly over the Last Few Decades. There Are Various Factors Responsible for This Decline, Resulting in Serious Impacts on the Environment and the Economy. Critically Discuss the Causes890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe environment and the economy. Critically discuss the causes of deforestation and solutions to it. Deforestation is the cutting down of a large area of trees and the destruction of forests by people. Forests are what we call an exhaustible resource, one which can be used up if it is not used carefully. Over the last few decades, deforestation has threatened the rainforests with total extinction. To understand why deforestation is such an important issue, you first have to understand why treesRead MoreThe Role Of Tropical Rainforest And Water Cycle1604 Words   |  7 Pagesvapour loss from plants through stomata, and evaporation is the water loss from all other part of plants but leaves and other living things in the forest. Evapotranspiration are the accumulation of transpiration and evaporation in the forest. During transpiration, trees suck water from soil through the root system and transport the water to leaves through xylem, and then release the water to the air through stomata. Transpiration happens simultaneously with photosynthesis. The soil loss water due

Ban Guns On Their Property And Workplace Safety With Guns

On December 2, 2015 there was an office holiday party in San Bernardino. Employees were socializing and enjoying their selves. An employee and his wife enter the premises and starts shooting. At the end of the gunfire, there are 20 people shot. This paper will examine the rights of the employee to carry guns, employers’ rights to ban guns on their property and workplace safety with guns involved. The employees have the right to bear arms. Currently, there is no law that controls guns at the office. Several states have passed professed guns-at-work laws. Laws like these are usually intended to keep employees’ privileges to have concealed firearms differ in terms of their restrictions. The lobbying skills of the NRA along with other†¦show more content†¦The general-duty clause requires employers to provide each employee a place of employment free from recognized hazards that could be injurious or deadly. A similar incident happened in Oklahoma, where a group of workers who had been terminated for having firearms in their vehicles in a company parking lot. They were in violation of the company rule and argued that the policy violated their right to bear arms. The federal court there defended the employer’s action. The only reason they did because it was permissible at the time, under state law, for the company to adopt and enforce the policy (Bastible v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 437 F.3d 999 (10th Cir. 2006)). An amendment to the Oklahoma law (Okla. Stat. tit. 21,  §1290.22(B) (Supp. 2006)) enforced a restriction like that in Florida, forbidding employers from keeping the policy, and this amendment also resisted a legal challenge (Ramsey Winch Inc. v. Henry, 555 F.3d 1199 (10th Cir. 2009)). Other states barring companies from banning firearms on company property include Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi. (Thelen 2009 para. 3) More states seem ready to pass laws that would ban a company’s right to forbid firearms on their property. Some of these laws offer employer’s with protection from responsibility if those employees cause injury with the weapons on the property. Other planned laws offer no protection from liability. The extent of a company’s obligation and what they should do to

Implemented Information System for Business Professionals

Question Discuss about the Implemented Information System for Business Professionals. Answer: Introduction: Small business processes such as creation of paychecks and purchase orders can use the Transaction Processing System (Youilli et al. 2014). The TPS is not like the batch system. It requires the user to interact with the system in the time of the processing so that the user can provide directions to the system for collecting, storing and modifying data. The input process is done by the user via a terminal, and the data is stored in the database immediately and the required output is produced. The managers and owners of small businesses depend on this system. Important current and operational data such as inventory and sales data can be obtained from this system. The MIS cab also create reports that are prescheduled, so that the company can use it for their various operations. The DSS allow the managers and owners of the small businesses the usage of reports that are predefined for supporting their operations of planning and resolution of problems (Bonczek 2014). Using this technique the users are able to access the outcomes of their decisions even before implementing them. This system can produce answers to many queries such as data summary report and quarter sales report. Executive Support System This system contains all the predefined reports that would help the owners and managers of the small businesses identify the future trends help them to strategies and plan more efficiently. This system provides information to the managers and owners about the buyer preferences and the market trends. The system also provides some tools that are used to predict the outcomes, calculate the statistics and performance assessments based on the data that exists. The major concern Nigel, the owner of Springfield Animal Hospital was the cost that he had to bear for implementing the It setup required for his company (Jin and Wu 2015). The was to implement a system, that would allow the owners of the pets certain services online such as booking an appointment, and also providing reviews and comments system. Implementing such a system would bear a huge amount of money. Hence, this was the primary concern for Nigel. Nigel wanted to grow his business, so there was a huge amount of data that Nigel had to accommodate for his system. Hence, the main concern was to make the system shareable. It was also to be kept in mind that the data was not easily duplicated. As the system that was to be implemented was quite a large one. Hence, the amount of data was also very huge. With the increasing amount of data the concern regarding the security of the data also increased (Alvarez, Hollick and Gardner-Stephens 2016). There several records of data that were to present in the system such as, the data of the owner records, the files of the staffs, and also the records of the animals. Some of these data were very confidential and safety of these data was one of the major concern for Nigel. Firstly, the company required information about the existing veterinary facilities that were already existing in the regions of Jimboomba, Munruben and Parkridge. This would help the company to have knowledge about the areas that the existing facilities in these areas are lagging. So, the company can implement these facilities within their organization so that the people of those regions could be helped with their pets (Krol and Motyl 2014). In addition to this the company should have a clear knowledge about their staffs. Especially the company should have the knowledge about the newer staffs that they are going to recruit for the new centers. This would help the company to maintain a good reputation across all their branches. And also help the company to maintain an efficient filtration policy regarding the recruitment of the new staffs. Moreover, the company should also have information about the animals of the regions in which they are going to expand their business. This help them to obtain information about the disease that are affecting the animals of that area (Zecconi and Scali 2013). And can help in obtaining solutions for them. There was need for implementation of an online system for the growth of the business. As Nigel, wanted to expand his business over the regions of Jimboomba, Parkridge and Munruben hence, an online system was required for better communication across the regions (Smith 2014). This would help in providing better services and improve the communication across the various branches. In addition, to this huge data of the pets and the owners was to be maintained. Moreover, there was huge amount of data for the staffs as well. Hence, this gave the rise to the need of maintaining a proper database system that would maintain all the records about the company (Clifford, Robinson and Rogers 2014). Lastly, there is also need of a portal for the company. This would help the staffs across the different branches to communicate with each other. I addition to this, the owner of the pets could also communicate with the staffs directly in the portal. This would enable the staffs of the company to be updated about the health of the animals they are operating on. SAH can use the networking facilities to for engaging with the key stakeholders and enhance their communication system. Firstly, the company should have a website on the internet so that, the owner of the pets can register themselves and book their appointments online only (Erdogan, Gose and Denton 2015). In addition to this the owners of the pets would be able to communicate directly with the staff that is looking over their case. This would increase the satisfaction level of the customers. Secondly, the company can have a separate website which can be accessed exclusively only by their staffs. This help the staffs to communicate in between themselves and additionally, the higher officials would also be able to keep a track of the progress of the work that is going on the different branches of the company. Lastly, the company needs to have a portal that can be accessed over the LAN (Aguirre et al. 2015). This would help the staffs of a particular office to communicate with the other staffs within the same office. The process of change management involves various processes that includes, changing the use of resources, change the processes of the businesses, budget reallocation and some other additional changes (Hayes 2014). All these steps are to be performed efficiently for a successful implementation of the change management procedure. The change management procedure of the SAH Company would include the budget reallocation at first (Cameron and Green 2015). The budget of the whole system needs to be increased as the organization is going to expand and implement new technologies into their system. The company also needs to change their processes, as because the company is implementing a new IT model into their organization. This would change the registration method and the process by which the customers fix their appointments. Hence, this type of change management process would be very effective for the company. The various stakeholders, for whom the company need to keep the data are; firstly, the owners and the pets, the staffs of the company, and the newly appointed doctors and nurses (Hoiseth and keitsch 2015). The main security issues that could arise if an intruder gets access to the database of the company. They could leak the information to other companies and hamper the business. In addition to this there would be many doctors who are newly appointed from the other organizations. Hence, there might be people who do not wish to disclose the name of the organization where they are currently working (Bourdreaux 2014). This give rise to the ethical issue involved in this procedure. References Aguirre, S., Kamel, R.E., Kamdar, K.S. and Kotecha, L.R., Verizon Patent and Licensing Inc., 2015.Wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) communications for a fixed wireless CPE. U.S. Patent 8,958,403. Alvarez, F., Hollick, M. and Gardner-Stephen, P., 2016, October. Maintaining both availability and integrity of communications: Challenges and guidelines for data security and privacy during disasters and crises. InGlobal Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), 2016(pp. 62-70). IEEE. Bonczek, R.H., Holsapple, C.W. and Whinston, A.B., 2014.Foundations of decision support systems. Academic Press. Boudreaux, E.D., Waring, M.E., Hayes, R.B., Sadasivam, R.S., Mullen, S. and Pagoto, S., 2014. Evaluating and selecting mobile health apps: strategies for healthcare providers and healthcare organizations.Translational behavioral medicine,4(4), pp.363-371. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Clifford, P., Robinson, M. and Rogers, T., Face Recording and Measurements Ltd, 2014.Database management system. U.S. Patent Application 14/786,817. Erdogan, S.A., Gose, A. and Denton, B.T., 2015. Online appointment sequencing and scheduling.IIE Transactions,47(11), pp.1267-1286. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hiseth, M. and Keitsch, M.M., 2015. Using phenomenological hermeneutics to gain understanding of stakeholders in healthcare contexts.International Journal of Design,9(3). Jin, B. and Wu, W.Y., Australian Biomedical Company Pty. Ltd., 2015.Compositions for veterinary and medical applications. U.S. Patent 8,927,565. Krl, M. and Motyl, T., 2014. Exploiting cancer genomics in pet animals to gain advantage for personalized medicine decisions.Journal of applied genetics,55(3), pp.337-341. Smith, B.P., 2014.Large animal internal medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. Youill, M.P., Carter, M.J., Glynn, A.T. and Stapleton, J.E., The Sporting Exchange Ltd., 2014.Transaction processing system. U.S. Patent 8,645,498. Zecconi, A. and Scali, F., 2013. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases.Immunology letters,150(1), pp.12-22.

Recommend and Justify a Marketing Strategy That Andy Might Use to Increase Sales at Ahc free essay sample

Recommend and justify a marketing strategy that Andy might use to increase sales at AHC AHC is a health club known for its excellent health facilities which benefit their members with a wide range of exercises as well as facilities such as their cafe and beauty salon. However, the owner, Andy has come to realise that if his business ever were to expand, it couldn’t satisfy everyone and cater to each individual’s needs. AHC has many opportunities for further development and becoming an even more established health club with a wider target market but its competitors (other health clubs) pose as a threat towards them in pricing and facilities. AHC’s main objective is to increase their sales and to do that, they will need to consider each of the four functional areas within the marketing mix, and along with that, they may also need to conduct extensive market research to ensure that their aim to gain revenue is met. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommend and Justify a Marketing Strategy That Andy Might Use to Increase Sales at Ahc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First of all, AHC will have to look at the services they provide to members of the health club as well as potential new consumers, to see how well the business is performing and whether the services the business offers satisfy consumers. Also by doing this, AHC will be able to use market segmentation, which will divide consumers into groups so that a better customer base is established and more customers can be gained. Also , when looking at the services they provide, AHC may need to think about their products and how they differentiate from their competitors, for example, AHC may want to consider their option C which involved building more squash courts or a larger fitness studio. By increasing their services, AHC will attract more members of the public and gain more sales from members who will want to use the additional services provided. AHC could also look into the pricing of their products. Andy is currently considering other pricing approaches such as price discrimination which can enable higher prices at more demanding times of the day, depending on consumer demand. This could also attract more consumers who will want to use the services at the health club more at off-peak times due to cheaper prices. This can ensure that at ‘peak’ times of the day, AHC will be making more revenue, but there may also be an increase during ‘off peak’ times. AHC must also make sure that because of the higher prices, they don’t face a loss of consumers if they do decide to use price discrimination. Option A displays such pricing in which additional charges may be given, however if AHC wishes to maintain its customer base, as well as attract more while prices are being raised, they may need to offer consumers extra services, discounts or deals such as ‘ 3 Pilates classes for the price of 2’ for women which will help maintain good relationships and loyalty with members in the long term. AHC have limited amounts of promotion for its business and currently only rely on its website as well as word of mouth which could realistically only attract a certain number of consumers however if Andy wishes to expand or even increase the number of sales, alternative methods of advertising should be taken into account, for example, below the line promotion such as posters, local radio advertisements, local newspapers and magazines to make people aware of the business, and this way, AHC can widen their market. Andy knows that some facilities offered only target specific people, e.g. the beauty salon is aimed at mostly female members so instead of advertising within the mass market, he could implement personal selling to allow customers to receive personal and individual attention from the business. Also, as Andy sees increased competition as a threat, advertising on a larger scale within the local area can help to increase the number of consumers which can help the increase in sale s because even though it is a competitive market, promoting the business can impact a lot and possibly attract consumers from similar businesses due to prices and services offered. In AHC’s current business position, they do not have the necessary capital to expand as it can only just about afford one of the facilities in option C, but if in the long term, the business will be able to build extra facilities for the health club or maybe open up another health club in a neighbouring area. Andy should continue to run his business and put into practice ways to help the business grow. AHC can definitely do this by differentiating the services they provide because it will maintain customer loyalty and help gain more consumers because of the new services which make them different to every other health club in the Midlands. Also, they could adapt new pricing strategies to see what kind of price consumers are willing to pay, whether high or low depending on how many sales are made. An increase in promotion could also benefit the business very well as it can help aid consumers through awareness of the health club, adding to a more well- rounded reputation. It would be ideal to carry out further research on the aspects of the marketing mix, and produce short term tactical objectives in which they can achieve and in the long run, can end with the business being able to achieve an increase in sales.

Free sample - Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. translation missing

Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. Critical Analysis of the Role of United NationCritical Analysis of the Role of United Nation as a Third Party in Conflict Management Introduction As stated in the Preamble of the United Nations (UN), UN is determined â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.†[1] Since its establishment in 1945, UN’s mission is to take part in conflict prevention in order to prevent or stop any forms of violence, either between states or internal conflicts. The UN has specialized programs and agencies tasked to prevent conflicts from spreading out by targeting not only the acts of violence, but the roots of these conflicts. These programs include United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), and many others.[2] The UN successfully accomplished conflict management tasks in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Namibia, Nicaragua and El Salvador. In fact, an entire chapter of the Agenda for Peace of 1992 by the UN Secretary-General was devoted to conflict prevention. The report suggests that between the stages of conflict intensification and the policy actions which aim at ending them, a conceptual link must be created.   Conflict prevention and dispute escalation prevention are included here. Regulation of the spread of violence if it happens is also included. And it was in these policy responses’ last segment that paved the way for conflict management.[3] The Hutus’ militia and the Tutsis’ Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF): The Extremists A political conflict can occur between states, or within a state. It can be caused by various factors. A conflict can arise from political causes. It can also arise from ideological differences,[4] economic factors, ethnic or cultural causes,[5] social causes,[6] geographical issues,[7] and even psychological causes.[Burton] What happened in Rwanda was caused by an outcome of a political conflict between two groups that are attempting get monopolize the political power over the country. Conflict Management and the Rwanda Genocide Conflict management, according to Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, is â€Å"an approach that established the conceptual ground for direct outside involvement to check escalating violence by using peaceful or even coercive means, if necessary.†[8] Aside from the incidents in Yugoslavia and Somalia, the Rwanda Genocide is one of the historical event which calls for the need to reassess the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention and conflict management. And this paper tries to discuss the episodes in the Rwanda Genocide that prompted even the UN to review its own concept on conflict management. The United Nations Assistance Mission of Rwanda It was the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) that the United Nations tasked to aid the implementation of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Signed in August 4, 1993 by the government of Rwanda and the RPF, the Arusha Accords were meant to end the Rwandan Civil War. Hence, UNAMIR’s task was to aid the peace process between the Rwanda government and the rebel RPF. [9] It was established by the Security Council Resolution 872 on October 5, 1992. The purpose of the UNAMIR is to ensure Kigali’s security, monitor the ceasefire agreement between the two opposing groups, put up an expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures, monitor the security situation on the final period of the transitional government’s mandate until the election, assist with mine clearance and in coordination of humanitarian assistance activities and relief operations.[10] It was Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh of Cameroon and Lieutenant-General Romà ©o Dallaire as the head of the UNAMIR. Belgian soldiers make up about 400 members of the troops. Note that Belgium has colonized Rwanda in the past. In matters of peace-keeping processes, the UN normally bans the former colonial power from taking position. The Rwanda Government and the rebels appear to follow the Arusha Peace Agreement. Both sides appear to be steadfast at creating the transitional government before the 1993 ends. However, the events that followed delayed the establishment of a transitional government. After President Habyarimana was inaugurated on January 5, 1994, major disagreements came between the opposing groups. There were warnings sent to UN alarming the assembly of the genocide that was about to happen against the Tutsi minority and anti-tribalist Hutus. The warning came three months before the mass murder. However, UN ignored these warnings.[11] (The warning about the forthcoming genocide and the perpetrators came from General Romeo Dallaire himself, cabled to the UN Secretary-General at that time, Mr. Kofi Annan. General Dallaire asked UN permission for an immediate action to intervene against the mass slaughter planned by Hutu forces. But the general’s request was declined by the UN Department of Peacekeeping.[12]) This created confusion in the UNAMIR whether or not to use power. The orders issued by UN to UNAMIR were very limited. IN short, UNAMIR was rendered useless as the thousands of people are slaughtered. The UN failed to extend the UNAMIR’s mandate to protect the people of Rwanda from the genocide. The mission’s job was limited to evacuating foreign nationals from Rwanda.[13] In fact, the peace-keeping force deployed by UN at the end of 1993, which is supposed to aid in the implementation of the cease fire between the two opposing groups, received severe criticism. There are countries that did not agree to send stronger force. One of these countries was the United States, ally of Britain.[14] The United Nation’s failed mission: â€Å"The Report on the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda† The council members of UN later acknowledged the failure of their mission to protect the peoples of Rwanda in a time where they mostly need it.[15] The UN even accepted the result of the independent inquiry lead by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson on the actions taken by the UN in Rwanda. The report states UN’s failure to ignore the warnings about the genocide despite the evidences that the mass slaughter will indeed happen. According to the report, UN failed in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide in many ‘fundamental respects.’[16]   (The surprising thing was that no one in the international community anticipated the level of atrocity that happened in Rwanda.) With the evidence that was forwarded to UN regarding the organized mass murder that is going to happen, a contingency plan should have been made, as mandated by the Geneva Convention.[17] The report enumerates the reasons why UN failed: First, UN not only lacked the resources, but it also lacked the commitment to prevent the genocide from happening. The UNAMIR was also found to be not well planned in a way that it can respond to possible extremist act by either camp. The UNAMIR is also stated as a watered down version of the original plan by UN on the level of strength that will be deployed to Rwanda. [18] The inquiry points out that UN’s Center for Human Rights and DPKO did not do adequate political investigation and analysis during the tensions. This resulted to the inadequacy of UNAMIR’s mandate.[19] This is also why UN’s peace-force in Rwanda was harshly criticized by the international community. Other failures that the inquiry notes were the ‘implementation of the mandate itself’, ‘confusion over the rules of engagement’, ‘failure to respond to the genocide’, ‘inadequate resources and logistic’, and many others. The report lead by Carlsson has deemed the UN useless during the worst moment in that particular episode in Rwanda’s history. However, there surely are factors that prevented the UN to come up with an in-depth analysis of the information on political situation in Rwanda, if the vital information are at UN’s disposal. As we can see in the discussion that will follow, the UN is caught in situations where it even finds itself inadequate at some moments during the tension in Rwanda. On why the United Nations (and other international agencies) did not take further steps to prevent the genocide from occurring In the international community, no one anticipated the kind of horror that happened. It was only the only close observers that the genocide will certainly happen. The messages (that is, the warnings) remained unclear for the international agencies including UN. In a report headed by Howard Adelman et al, the vague messages are found in four areas: â€Å"contradictions in the international system; the UN structure; attitude of senior officials towards messengers and inadequacies in the message sent; and interference.†[20] UN’s principle in neutrality when it comes to information gathering isn’t necessarily applicable it times when international peace and security is under serious threat. This prevented the UN to arm itself with the capacity to collect and analyze information, which are vital when it comes to conflict management, during the tensions in Rwanda. [21] Another factor that caused UN’s failure in conflict management in Rwanda is that it is trapped between disinterested nations, Tanzania and US. These nations, especially US, showed no intentions to share its collected and analyzed (a result of CIA’s ‘desk-analysis’) information to UN.[22] The structure of the UN gives power to the Secretary General to give permission to UNAMIR for an immediate action to intervene in the plot for genocide in order to prevent it from happening. However, this power is not maximized in the case of Rwanda. One reason is that UN lacks staff. (Rwanda is only monitored by one person.) However, the deeper reason lies in the restructuring of the Secretariat since 1990. It is here where UN lost its capacity to collect vital information that can be analyzed and used as basis for making contingency plans. The distribution of the Secretary-General of his responsibilities to other agencies and departments also left the DPA, which should play an essential part in conflict management, lacking in logistics to carry out the task.[23] Another area that prevented the UN to take further actions is the messengers. The agencies that are associated with UN are reluctant to divulge information. That is to say, they are suspicious as to how the political and military information will be used. One thing more is the propaganda that the Hutu-dominated mass media spread. This made many, including members of UN, suspicious of the circulating information. Even the UN Secretary-General realized the disadvantage of not having the mass media on UN’s side. Mass media might have been played an important source for information. As mentioned, UN did not expect the magnitude of the event that happened. First, just because genocide is rare, the UN concluded that it will not happen at that time in Rwanda. Second, it is confident in the Tsutsis, blind to the fact that these people are also miscalculating the conditions around them. (The Tsutsis also did not expect that the rest of the world will walk out from Rwanda the moment the Hutu extremists (militia, armed forces of the government and even civilians) tries to erase them from the face of their own country.[24] There are other factors that prevented UN from thinking clearly and thereby also preventing it from acting accordingly. First, the UN is completely confident of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Second, their sense of judgment was clouded by its past experience in Somalia. Before the genocide broke out, the situation in Rwanda is peripheral compared to many other global issues that the UN is paying attention to.[25] The Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights and other human rights agencies, as well as the RPF used the word genocide in the reports they made to UN. However, the ambiguity of the definition of genocide also created confusion on the messages conveyed to UN.[26] Another thing is that the UN seems to not learn from what happened in Burundi just six months before the Rwanda Genocide happened – around 50,000 to 100,000 people were killed. Rather than considered as a political conflict, the conflict between the Hutus and the Tsutsis were considered only as a continuing ancient feud.[27] Conclusion and Recommendation Clearly, the United Nations failed in conflict management in Rwanda. This is because it lacks the vital factors in order to carry out the task. The UN sent UNAMIR to ensure peace in Rwanda. UN becomes too confident that no genocide will occur. The UN had received warnings about the Hutu-planned genocide, but ignored it because of a complex web of factors. In some of the situations, UN is caught between states, which are members of UN, which has their own motives regarding the situation. If examined, UN failed in information gathering that is very important in conflict management. The UN should reassess its structure in order to make collecting information and making in-depth analysis more efficient. (Remember that UN lost most of these capacities when it restructured its Secretariat.) This is in connection to the Rwanda Report’s recommendation that the UN should improve its early warning capacity. And this can only be done through improving its coordination with various institutions. As suggested by the Report, the UN should improve its capacity â€Å"to analyze and respond to information about possible conflicts, and its operational capability for preventive action†. In this context, the report suggests that â€Å"further enhancement of the cooperation between different Secretariat departments, UNSECOORD programmes and agencies and outside actors, including regional and subregional organizations NGOs and the academic world, is essential.†

Life of a slave girl by Harriet Jacobs essays

Life of a slave girl by Harriet Jacobs essays Harriet Jacobs whose pen name was Linda Brent, was born into slavery. In her experience as a slave she encountered many problems with race and with gender. Harriet Jacobs was a slave who had a happy childhood. As a child her mother taught her many traits that would later prove to be useful. Her mother taught her to never give up without a fight. Jacobs was six years old when her mother died, but it wasn't until the death of her kind mistress that Jacobs began to feel the real sting of slavery. In the house of her mothers mistress she was taught to read and write. When the mistress died Jacobs was willed to a three year old niece, where Jacobs endured cruelty from the Mrs. Flint and sexual harassment from Dr. Flint. Around the time Harriet turned 15, Mr. Flint began his relentless efforts to bend the slave girl's will. At first he whispered "foul words" in her ear. As time went on his tactics became more overt. Still Harriet refused to give in. To get Harriet away from h is wife, who was suspicious of her husband's intentions, he built a cottage for the girl slave four miles from town. Harriet had previously asked Mr. Flint for permission to marry a free black man, and Mr. Flint had violently refused. Determined to fight the advances of her master and eventually obtain freedom, Jacobs entered into a relationship with an unmarried, white neighbor who was attracted to her. The relationship produced two children. In desperation to escape Dr. Flint, Jacobs planned escape, first for herself, and then for her children. In June of 1835, after seven years of mistreatment, Harriet escaped. For a short time she stayed with various neighbors, both black and white. Then she moved into a tiny crawlspace above a porch built by her grandmother and uncle. The space was nine feet long and seven feet wide. Its sloping ceiling, only three feet high at one end, didn't allow her to turn while laying down without hitting her sho...

East Asian Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

East Asian Women - Essay Example Women in the rural areas spend the entire day taking care of the family. A married woman has a lot of duties and responsibilities towards her children and her husband, that she must fulfill in order to be respected both by the husband and the society. The woman is supposed to baby-sit the children, cook food for the family, clean the house and serve the in-laws. However, a growing population of the domestic women is searching for and indulging in such activities that can enable them to make some money. A vast majority of women are not given the permission to go out and work in the offices. In addition to that, women are themselves not educated enough to be able to work in the offices. Although they are very fine managers within the limitations of their responsibility in the home, yet they are not educated upon the vast body of knowledge about management and/or science whose knowledge is the fundamental prerequisite to enter the workforce. The reason they lack this knowledge is again men. Men don’t allow their daughters to go to school. However, the same is not true for sons. â€Å"Families are far less likely to educate girls than boys and far more likely to pull them out of school either to help out at home or from fear of violence† (Dasgupta, Roy, and Chattopadhyay 2006, 151). ... Since they are not allowed to move out of the home to do the work, a vast majority of the East Asian women start working remaining within their homes. While working, women make sure that they are dressed very modestly and as per the dictations of their religion and the norms, values and culture of their society. Women in the East Asia are expected to cover their full bodies as well as their heads. That is why, women in the East Asia cover their heads with dupattas and chadars as visible in the image shown. The dupattas and chadars also provide them with protection against the scorching heat of the sun. They join such occupations that only require skill and experience rather than education. Such occupations include but are not limited to weaving, sewing, making handicrafts, designing clothes, making jewelry, weaving carpets and doing the beadwork. One of the most fundamental reasons why such East Asian countries as Iran, India and Pakistan have a unique and rich culture is the fact th at the people, and particularly the women are very hard-working. While the men are out all day long to harvest in the fields or do the labor work, the women spend the time weaving clothes and making patterns that are the signature cultural attractions for the visitors and tourists. In fact, the richness of culture of the East Asian countries can fundamentally be attributed to the women. The image below depicts a Rajasthani woman that is making designs upon a clay pot. From the design, it can be inferred that the woman is quite skilled in her work and has years of experience of making these designs. This image speaks a thousand words about the lifestyle and culture of women in the East Asia. There are numerous cultural, religious and political factors that have made